Capacidad de operación por islas en el mercado eléctrico colombiano: un prometedor servicio complementario a partir de recursos energéticos distribuidos
Palabras clave:
Recursos Energéticos Distribuidos, Generación Distribuida, Microrredes, Capacidad de Operación por Islas
Resumen
Hoy en día, la mayoría de los generadores distribuidos no están diseñados para operar bajo condiciones de isla. El servicio complementario de capacidad de operación por islas se presenta como un servicio de soporte técnico con la capacidad de aumentar la resiliencia, confiabilidad, seguridad y flexibilidad de un sistema eléctrico de distribución. Sin embargo, la operación por islas presenta unos desafíos técnicos, económicos y sociales que deben discutirse y analizarse durante la etapa de planificación.
En este artículo, se presenta una comparación entre una operación intencional por islas y una isla planificada previamente, así como una descripción de los principales desafíos y beneficios de la operación por islas. Además, se realiza una evaluación económica de la confiabilidad del servicio de energía eléctrica al implementar la capacidad de operación por islas como un servicio complementario. Dicha evaluación muestra que la operación por islas tiene el potencial de minimizar la energía no suministrada hasta en un 50%. Además, se muestra un análisis técnico para la implementación del servicio complementario de capacidad de operación por islas. Luego, se estudia un sistema eléctrico de distribución existente con pequeñas centrales hidroeléctricas como un estudio de caso, con el fin de identificar los requisitos técnicos establecidos tanto para el sistema de distribución como para la fuente de generación. Finalmente, y teniendo en cuenta las normativas y regulaciones vigentes, se esboza una propuesta para la implementación del servicio complementario de capacidad de operación por islas en el sistema eléctrico colombiano.
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[35] J. Peppanen, J. Grimaldo, M. J. Reno, S. Grijalva, and R. G. Harley, “Increasing distribution system model accuracy with extensive deployment of smart meters,” in 2014 IEEE PES General Meeting | Conference & Exposition, 2014, pp. 1–5.
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[2] M. Braun, Provision of ancillary services by distributed generators: Technological and economic perspective, vol. 10. Germany: kassel university press GmbH, 2009.
[3] B. Olek, “Deployment of energy storages for ancillary services,” in 11th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM14), 2014, pp. 1–5.
[4] F. Alsokhiry, G. P. Adam, and K. L. Lo, “Contribution of distributed generation to ancillary services,” in 2012 47th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2012, pp. 1–5.
[5] A. C. Rueda-Medina, A. Padilha-Feltrin, and J. R. S. Mantovani, “Active power reserve for frequency control provided by distributed generators in distribution networks,” in 2014 IEEE PES General Meeting | Conference & Exposition, 2014, pp. 1–5.
[6] A. Burgio, G. Brusco, D. Menniti, A. Pinnarelli, and N. Sorrentino, “Design of a grid-connected Photovoltaic system with grid ancillary services,” in 2013 Africon, 2013, pp. 1–7.
[7] F. Santamaria, J. Hernandez, and C. L. Trujillo, “Regulation on distributed generation: Latin American Case,” in 2014 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition - Latin America (PES T&D-LA), 2014, pp. 1–7.
[8] Congreso de la República, Ley 1715. Colombia, 2014, pp. 1–24.
[9] N. K. Roy and H. R. Pota, “Current Status and Issues of Concern for the Integration of Distributed Generation Into Electricity Networks,” IEEE Syst. J., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 933–944, Sep. 2015.
[10] S. P. Chowdhury, P. Crossley, and S. Chowdhury, Microgrids and Active Distribution Networks. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2009.
[11] J. D. Marín-Jiménez, S. X. Carvajal-Quintero, and A. Arango-Manrique, “Discusión de la implementación en Colombia del servicio complementario capacidad de operación por islas,” Directora-Editora, vol. 43, pp. 99–108, 2014.
[12] S. Granfors, “Online testing of generating units on their ability to regulate frequency during restoration of an islanded grid,” in IEEE PES General Meeting, 2010, pp. 1–5.
[13] H. Liang, L. Cheng, and S. Liu, “Monte Carlo simulation based reliability evaluation of distribution system containing microgrids,” Power Syst. Technol., vol. 35, pp. 76–81, 2011.
[14] H. Gharavi and R. Ghafurian., “Smart Grid: The Electric Energy System of the Future,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 917–921, 2011.
[15] P. Tenti, A. Costabeber, P. Mattavelli, and D. Trombetti, “Distribution Loss Minimization by Token Ring Control of Power Electronic Interfaces in Residential Microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 3817–3826, Oct. 2012.
[16] O. Palizban, K. Kauhaniemi, and J. M. Guerrero, “Microgrids in active network management – part II: System operation, power quality and protection,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 36, pp. 440–451, Aug. 2014.
[17] J. M. Guerrero, M. Chandorkar, T. Lee, and P. C. Loh, “Advanced Control Architectures for Intelligent Microgrids—Part I: Decentralized and Hierarchical Control,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1254–1262, Apr. 2013.
[18] H. Mohamad, H. Mokhlis, A. H. A. Bakar, and H. W. Ping, “A review on islanding operation and control for distribution network connected with small hydro power plant,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 3952–3962, Oct. 2011.
[19] M. R. Aghamohammadi and A. Shahmohammadi, “Intentional islanding using a new algorithm based on ant search mechanism,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 138–147, Feb. 2012.
[20] B. Enacheanu, M. Fontela, C. Andrieu, H. Pham, A. Martin, and Y. B. Gie-Idea, “New control strategies to prevent blackouts: intentional islanding operation in distribution networks,” in 18th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2005), 2005, vol. 2005, p. 5.
[21] C. E. T. Foote et al., “A Power-Quality Management Algorithm for Low-Voltage Grids With Distributed Resources,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1055–1062, Apr. 2008.
[22] P. M. Costa and M. A. Matos, “Assessing the contribution of microgrids to the reliability of distribution networks,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 382–389, Feb. 2009.
[23] E. Planas, A. Gil-de-Muro, J. Andreu, I. Kortabarria, and I. Martínez de Alegría, “General aspects, hierarchical controls and droop methods in microgrids: A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 17, pp. 147–159, Jan. 2013.
[24] IEEE Power & Engineering Society, IEEE Guide for Electric Power Distribution Reliability Indices, vol. 2012, no. May. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2012.
[25] C. of E. E. Regulators, “CEER Benchmarking Report 5 . 1 on the Continuity of Electricity Supply Data update,” 2014.
[26] D. Committee, I. Power, and E. Society, IEEE Guide for Collecting , Categorizing , and Utilizing Information Related to Electric Power Distribution Interruption Events IEEE Power and Energy Society. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2014.
[27] A. Whitfield and T. Graham, “Electricity Networks Service Standards : An Overview,” 2014.
[28] F. P. Sioshansi, Future of utilities - utilities of the future : how technological innovations in distributed energy resources will reshape the electric power sector, Fereidoon. Walnut Creek: Elsevier, 2016.
[29] UPME, ASOCODIS, and MinMinas, “Informe Sectorial Sobre La Evolución De La Distribución Y Comercialización De Energía Eléctrica En Colombia,” UPME, Bogotá D.C., Colombia, 2011.
[30] R. Billinton and W. Li, Reliability Assessment of Electric Power Systems Using Monte Carlo Methods. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994.
[31] IEEE Std 1547.4, IEEE Guide for Design, Operation, and Integration of Distributed Resource Island Systems with Electric Power Systems. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2011.
[32] D. Della Giustina, P. Ferrari, A. Flammini, S. Rinaldi, and E. Sisinni, “Automation of Distribution Grids With IEC 61850: A First Approach Using Broadband Power Line Communication,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 2372–2383, Sep. 2013.
[33] N. Higgins, V. Vyatkin, N.-K. C. Nair, and K. Schwarz, “Distributed Power System Automation With IEC 61850, IEC 61499, and Intelligent Control,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybern. Part C (Applications Rev., vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 81–92, Jan. 2011.
[34] Y. Simmhan et al., “Cloud-Based Software Platform for Big Data Analytics in Smart Grids,” Comput. Sci. Eng., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 38–47, Jul. 2013.
[35] J. Peppanen, J. Grimaldo, M. J. Reno, S. Grijalva, and R. G. Harley, “Increasing distribution system model accuracy with extensive deployment of smart meters,” in 2014 IEEE PES General Meeting | Conference & Exposition, 2014, pp. 1–5.
[36] IEEE Standard, IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources With Electric Power Systems. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2003.
[37] Comisión de Regulación de Energía y Gas - CREG, Resolición 176. 2016, p. 251.
Cómo citar
[1]
J. D. Marín-Jiménez, S. X. Carvajal-Quintero, y J. M. Guerrero, «Capacidad de operación por islas en el mercado eléctrico colombiano: un prometedor servicio complementario a partir de recursos energéticos distribuidos», TecnoL., vol. 21, n.º 42, pp. 169–185, may 2018.
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Publicado
2018-05-14
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Artículos de investigación
