Risk Disclosure and Cost of Equity: A Bayesian Approach

Keywords: Cost of equity, risk disclosure, Bayesian approach

Abstract

This paper aims to analyze the relationship between risk information disclosure and the cost of equity of companies in the Spanish capital market. This study uses a set of 71 firms listed on Madrid stock exchange between 2010 and 2015; all of them are non-financial listed companies for which profit forecasts existed. The problem was analyzed using a Bayesian linear regression approach. The results show that cost of equity and disclosed risk information are not related if a global view of the latter is adopted. However, a positive relationship between financial risks and the cost of equity occurs when risk information is divided into financial and non-financial risks.

Author Biographies

Jose Miguel Tirado-Beltrán, Universitat Jaume I

Doctor en Administración y Dirección de Empresas, Universitat Jaume I,
Castellón de la Plana - España, tirado@uji.es

José David Cabedo, Universitat Jaume I

Doctor en Administración y Dirección de Empresas, Universitat Jaume I,
Castellón de la Plana - España, cabedo@uji.es

Dennis Esther Muñoz-Ramírez, Universitat Jaume I

Máster en Gestión Financiera y Contabilidad Avanzada, Universitat Jaume I,
Castellón de la Plana - España, al184996@alumail.es

References

Abraham, S. & Cox, P. (2007). Analysing the determinants of narrative risk information in UK FTSE 100 annual reports. The Bristish Accounting Review, 39(3), 227-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2007.06.002

Alamilla-López, N. E., & Jiménez, J. C. (2010). Contraste de Hipótesis: Clásico vs. Bayesiano. Revista Digital Matemática Educación e Internet, 11(1), 1-13. https://tecdigital.tec.ac.cr/revistamatematica/ARTICULOS_V11_N1_2010/NAlamilla_ConstrastedeHipotesis/index.html

Albarrak, M. S., Elnahass, M., Papagiannidis, S., & Salama, A. (2020). The effect of twitter dissemination on cost of equity: A big data approach. International Journal of Information Management, 50, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.04.014

Beyer, A., Cohen, D. A., Lys, T. Z., & Walther, B. R. (2010). The Financial Reporting Environment: Review of the Recent Literature. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(2-3), 296-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.10.003

Blanco, B., Garcia Lara, J. M., & Tribo, J. A. (2015). Segment Disclosure and Cost of Capital. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 42(3-4), 367-411. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12106

Botosan, C. A. (1997). Disclosure Level and the Cost of Equity Capital. The Accounting Review, 72(3), 323-349. https://www.jstor.org/stable/248475

Botosan, C. A., & Plumlee, M. A. (2002). A Re-examination of Disclosure Level and Expected Cost of Equity Capital. Journal of Accounting Research, 40(1), 21-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.00037

Botosan, C. A., & Plumlee, M. (2005). Assessing Alternative Proxies for the Expected Risk Premium. The Accounting Review, 80(1), 21-53. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2005.80.1.21

Cabedo, J. D., & Tirado, J. M. (2004). The disclosure of risk in financial statements. Accounting Forum, 28(2), 181-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2003.10.002

Cabedo Semper, J. D., & Tirado Beltrán, J. M. (2009). Divulgación de información sobre riesgos: una propuesta para su medición. Innovar, 19(34), 121-134. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-50512009000200009&lng=en&tlng=es

Campbell, J. L., Chen, H., Dhaliwal, D. S., Lu, H. M., & Steele, L. B. (2014). The information content of mandatory risk factor disclosures in corporate filings. Review of Accounting Studies, 19(1), 396-455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-013-9258-3

Cheng, F., Jorgensen, B. N., & Yoo, Y. K. (2004). Implied cost of equity capital in earnings-based valuation: International evidence. Accounting and Business Research, 34(4), 323-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2004.9729975

Clarkson, P., Guedes, J., & Thompson, R. (1996). On the diversification, observability, and measurement of estimation risk. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 31(1), 69-84. https://doi.org/10.2307/2331387

Diamond, D. W., & Verrecchia, R. E. (1991). Disclosure, Liquidity, and the Cost of Capital. Journal of Finance, 46(4), 1325-1359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1991.tb04620.x

Easley, D., & O'hara, M. (2004). Information and the Cost of Capital. The Journal of Finance, 59(4), 1553-1583. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2004.00672.x

Easton, P. D. (2004). PE ratios, PEG Ratios, and Estimating the Implied Expected Rate of Return on Equity Capital. The Accounting Review, 79(1), 73-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.423601

Embong, Z., Mond-Saleh, N., & Hassan, M. S. (2012). Firm Size, Disclosure and Cost of Equity Capital. Asian Review of Accounting, 20(2), 119-139. https://doi.org/10.1108/13217341211242178

Filzen, J. J. (2015). The Information Content of Risk Factor Disclosures in Quarterly Reports. Accounting Horizons, 29(4), 887-916. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch-51175

Francis, J. R., Khurana, I. K., & Pereira, R. (2005). Disclosure incentives and effects on cost of capital around the world. The Accounting Review, 80(4), 1125-1162. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2005.80.4.1125

Francis, J., Nanda, D., & Olsson, P. (2008). Voluntary Disclosure, Earnings Quality, and Cost of Capital. Journal of Accounting Research, 46(1), 53-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2008.00267.x

Gebhardt, W. R., Lee, C. M. C., & Swaminathan, B. (2001). Toward an Implied Cost of Capital. Journal of Accounting Research, 39(1), 135-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.00007

Gietzmann, M., & Ireland, J. (2005). Cost of Capital, Strategic Disclosures and Accounting Choice. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 32(3-4), 599-634. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0306-686X.2005.00606.x

Gietzmann, M. B., & Trombetta, M. (2003). Disclosure interactions: accounting policy choice and voluntary disclosure effects on the cost of raising outside capital. Accounting and Business Research, 33(3), 187-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2003.9729646

Gilks, W. R., Richardson, S., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (Eds.). (1996). Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice. Chapman & Hall.

Hahn, E. D. (2014). Bayesian Methods for Management and Business: Pragmatic Solutions for Real Problems. John Wiley & Sons.

Hail, L. (2002). The Impact of Voluntary Corporate Disclosures on the Ex Ante Cost of Capital for Swiss Firms. European Accounting Review, 11(4), 741-773. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.279276

Hail, L. & Leuz, C. L. (2006). International Differences in the Cost of Equity Capital: Do Legal Institutions and Securities Regulation Matter? Journal of Accounting Research, 44(3), 485-531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2006.00209.x

Heinle, M. S., & Smith, K. C. (2017). A theory of risk disclosure. Review of Accounting Studies, 22(4), 1459-1491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-017-9414-2

Hope, O. K., Hu, D., & Lu, H. (2016). The benefits of specific risk-factor disclosures. Review of Accounting Studies, 21(4), 1005-1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-016-9371-1

Jorgensen, B. N., & Kirschenheiter, M. T. (2003). Discretionary Risk Disclosures. The Accounting Review, 78(2), 449-469. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2003.78.2.449

Jorion, P. (2002). How Informative Are Value‐at‐Risk Disclosures? The Accounting Review, 77(4), 911-931. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2002.77.4.911

Kim, O., & Verrecchia, R. E. (1994). Market liquidity and volume around earnings announcements. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 17(1-2), 41-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(94)90004-3

Kothari, S. P., Li, X., & Short, J. E. (2009). The Effect of Disclosures by Management, Analysts, and Business Press on Cost of Capital, Return Volatility, and Analyst Forecasts: A Study Using Content Analysis. The Accounting Review, 84(5), 1639-1670. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2009.84.5.1639

Kravet, T., & Muslu, V. (2013). Textual risk disclosures and investors’ risk perceptions. Review of Accounting Studies, 18,1088-1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-013-9228-9

Lan, Y., Wang, L., & Zhang, X. (2013). Determinants and features of voluntary disclosure in the Chinese stock Market. China Journal of Accounting Research, 6(4), 265-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjar.2013.04.001

Leuz, C., & Verrecchia, R. E. (2000). The Economic Consequences of Increased Disclosure. Journal of Accounting Research, 38, 91-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.171975

Linsley, P. M., & Shrives, P. J. (2006). Risk Reporting: A study of risk disclosures in the annual reports of UK companies. The British Accounting Review, 38(4), 387-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2006.05.002

Martin, A. D., Quinn, K. M., & Park, J. H. (2011). MCMCpack: Markov Chain Monte Carlo in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 42(9), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v042.i09

Miihkinen, A. (2013). The usefulness of firm risk disclosures under different firm riskiness, investor-interest, and market conditions: New evidence from Finland. Advances in Accounting, 29(2), 312-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2013.09.006

Mohobbot, A. M. (2005). Corporate risk reporting practices in annual reports of Japanese companies. http://jaias.org/2005bulletin/p113Ali%20Md.Mohobbot.pdf

Nahar, S., Azim, M., & Anne Jubb, C. (2016). Risk disclosure, cost of capital and bank performance. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 24(4), 476-494. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-02-2016-0016

Nelson, M. W. and Rupar, K. K. (2015). Numerical Formats within Risk Disclosures and the Moderating Effect of Investors' Concerns about Management Discretion. The Accounting Review, 90(3), 1149-1168. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50916

Peasnell, K. V. (1997). Financial Reporting of Risk: Proposals for a Statement of Business Risk. Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales.

Rajgopal, S. (1999). Early Evidence on the Informativeness of the SEC's Market Risk Disclosures: The Case of Commodity Price Risk Exposure of Oil and Gas Producers. The Accounting Review, 74(3), 251-280. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.1999.74.3.251

Richardson, A. J., & Welker, M. (2001). Social disclosures, financial disclosure and the cost of equity capital. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 26(7-8), 597-616. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-3682(01)00025-3

Solomon, J. F., Solomon, A., Norton, S. D., & Joseph, N. L. (2000). A conceptual framework for corporate risk disclosure emerging from the agenda for corporate governance reform. The British Accounting Review, 32(4), 447-478. https://doi.org/10.1006/bare.2000.0145

Verrecchia, R. E. (1999). Disclosure and the cost of capital: A discussion. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 26(1-3), 271-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4101(98)00041-X

Zellner, A. (1996). An Introduction to Bayesian Inference in Econometrics. John Wiley & Sons.

How to Cite
Tirado-Beltrán, J. M., Cabedo, J. D., & Muñoz-Ramírez, D. E. . (2020). Risk Disclosure and Cost of Equity: A Bayesian Approach. Revista CEA, 6(11), 25–43. https://doi.org/10.22430/24223182.1497

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Published
2020-01-30
Section
Research Papers

Altmetric