Caracterización de trenes de descargas preliminares en rayos nube a tierra negativos registrados durante una temporada de lluvias en la Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia
Resumen
La medición del campo eléctrico generado por rayos es comúnmente usada para caracterizar rayos nube-tierra (CG). Previo a la primera descarga de retorno (FRS), estas señales exhiben algunas veces un tren de pulsos conocido como pulsos de descargas preliminares (PBP), cuyo estudio proporciona información sobre el primer evento que origina el proceso de descarga dentro de la nube. Considerando que las características de los PBP pueden cambiar de acuerdo con las condiciones geográficas, en este trabajo se analizaron seis parámetros (temporales y de magnitud) asociados a 69 trenes identificados en rayos CG negativos ocurridos en la Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia. Las señales se registraron en 2017 usando una antena de respuesta rápida (ancho de banda de 10 MHz), un tiempo de muestreo de 100 ns y una ventana de 500 ms. Dentro de los resultados más relevantes se encontró que la duración del tren ( ) varió entre 0.5 ms y 5.2 ms con una media aritmética (AM) de 1.74 ms, mientras el tiempo entre el pico del tren y el FRS (PBP-FRS) tuvo una AM y una media geométrica (GM) de 35.7 ms y 10.2 ms, respectivamente. Por su parte, la relación entre el pico del PBP y su FRS ( ) exhibió una AM de 0.7 y una GM de 0.56. Se concluye que el tren comienza con pulsos de baja amplitud, aumenta su magnitud en la región central y disminuye al final. Adicionalmente, se identificaron pulsos bipolares con polaridad similar a la FRS al principio y en la mitad del tren, mientras pulsos unipolares fueron observados al final de las señales.
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