Modelado, diseño y control de un sistema de generación eólica basado en MPPT con convertidor electrónico de potencia para la integración de una turbina a una microrred
Resumen
La generación de energía a partir de fuentes renovables, en particular la energía eólica, ha emergido como una alternativa crucial y sostenible para satisfacer las demandas de energía actual y futura. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo realizar el modelado, diseño y control de un sistema electrónico que permitiera la conexión de una turbina a un barraje de corriente continua en una microrred domiciliaria bajo un contexto de eficiencia energética, considerando la variabilidad del viento. La metodología empleada consistió en establecer las características mecánicas y eléctricas del Sistema de Generación Eólica para determinar las expresiones necesarias en el modelado y diseño del convertidor SEPIC (Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter, por sus siglas en inglés), para seguidamente ahondar en el diseño de los controladores de corriente y velocidad bajo la óptica de dos técnicas diferentes de control: lineal PI (Proporcional-Integral) y no lineal PBC + PI (Control Basado en Pasividad con acción Proporcional Integral). Estos controladores fueron integrados con una etapa de MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking, por sus siglas en inglés) de velocidad basada en el algoritmo P&O (Perturb and Observe, por sus siglas en inglés), sujeto a la estrategia de velocidad variable con pitch fijo. Los resultados obtenidos fueron proponer una guía metodológica que demostró su efectividad y eficiencia al mantener al sistema en torno al punto de máxima potencia cuando es sometido a diferentes condiciones de viento. Además, las técnicas de control demostraron su flexibilidad para la integración en energías renovables aumentando la confiabilidad de los sistemas. Se destacó el control no lineal al tener una respuesta más rápida, permitiéndole al MPPT generar más referencias generando menos estrés sobre el eje de la turbina. La teoría PBC permitió el control sobre las corrientes en los inductores del convertidor. Finalmente, se concluye que la topología SEPIC demostró su versatilidad permitiendo el control de sistemas de mayor potencia.
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