Estabilidad por falla de fondo en excavaciones circulares con muros diafragma en arcillas sobreconsolidadas: análisis paramétrico y método simplificado
Resumen
Recientemente se han implementado métodos sin zanja (trench-less) en obras de saneamiento en Bogotá, Colombia para instalar colectores de más de 3 m de diámetro. Estos emplean pozos circulares profundos sostenidos por muros diafragma fundidos in situ, junto con anillos de concreto, para lanzar y recibir equipos de tunelación. Las condiciones axisimétricas exigen definir con precisión el empotramiento de los muros y verificar la estabilidad ante falla de fondo en arcillas sobreconsolidadas. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo realizar una evaluación del factor de seguridad frente a la falla de fondo mediante un análisis paramétrico para proponer un método simplificado de evaluación. La metodología empleada consistió en la realización de simulaciones numéricas con elementos finitos, considerando variaciones en el diámetro de la excavación, su altura libre, y la profundidad de empotramiento de los muros diafragma en un perfil de arcillas del suroccidente de Bogotá caracterizado a partir de un sondeo de piezocono con medición de poros (CPTU, por sus siglas en inglés). Los resultados indicaron que el factor de seguridad depende principalmente de las propiedades geométricas de la excavación, de la profundidad de empotramiento del sistema de contención y de la resistencia no drenada de la arcilla bajo el fondo de la excavación. Finalmente, con base en los hallazgos de la modelación paramétrica, se concluye que el efecto de la sobreconsolidación superficial en el factor de seguridad puede expresarse en una ecuación semiempírica incorporando de un coeficiente de ajuste (a), siendo este efecto más significativo en excavaciones de diámetro reducido. Estos resultados permiten mejorar la evaluación de la estabilidad de excavaciones y optimizar estrategias constructivas, favoreciendo soluciones más seguras, sostenibles y resilientes en el diseño de obras subterráneas.
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