Diseño, análisis y modelamiento de superficies fotovoltaicas curvas usando materiales compuestos
Resumen
Actualmente, el uso de la energía solar fotovoltaica ha aumentado de manera importante a partir del desarrollo de nuevos materiales y la facilidad de producción de los mismos, lo cual ha disminuido significativamente los costos de adquisición. Comercialmente, la mayoría de los módulos fotovoltaicos tienen geometrías planas y se fabrican a partir de placas de refuerzo metálico y láminas de vidrio, lo cual limita su uso en superficies irregulares como techos y fachadas (BIPV) y en el sector del transporte (VIPV). El propósito de este estudio es analizar las implicaciones de diseño de superficies fotovoltaicas con curvatura usando materiales compuestos. Partiendo de la definición de los requerimientos de operación y mantenimiento, se seleccionan los materiales de refuerzo y encapsulado más adecuados a partir de referencias y pruebas experimentales. Se obtiene que el radio de curvatura máximo alcanzado por una celda de silicio policristalina con las dimensiones de la referencia SunPower C60 es de 6,51 m para una probabilidad de falla menor al 5 %, lo que permite definir la curvatura máxima que puede alcanzar la superficie fotovoltaica. También se implementa un modelo analítico del refuerzo usando modelos de macromecánica a través de Matlab™, el cual es validado por el método de los elementos finitos usando el módulo de materiales compuestos de Ansys®. De esta manera, se presenta un análisis detallado de los esfuerzos cortantes entre las capas y de las deformaciones generadas en el refuerzo del panel solar curvo. Finalmente, para las condiciones de operación analizadas, el mejor comportamiento estructural en el material refuerzo lo presenta la fibra de carbono, mientras que, para el material de encapsulado, la resina epóxica presenta un mejor comportamiento. Estos resultados pueden facilitar la fabricación de superficies fotovoltaicas con curvatura.
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