Evaluación cualitativa y cuantitativa de la protección de sobrecorriente en sistemas de distribución activos
Resumen
Las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero se consideran un problema global, razón por la cual el interés por implementar recursos energéticos distribuidos renovables (DER, por sus siglas en inglés) experimenta un incremento mundial. Sin embargo, a pesar de las contribuciones a la reducción de las fuentes de energía primaria fósiles, la conexión de los DER a las redes eléctricas suele originar nuevos problemas en los sistemas de control, operación y protección que deben ser analizados y resueltos. El objetivo de este artículo fue comparar un esquema de protección de sobrecorriente convencional y varios esquemas adaptativos para redes de distribución activas (ADN, por sus siglas en inglés). La metodología propuesta consistió en realizar un análisis de los enfoques de protección adaptativa para ADN. A partir de esta evaluación, se clasificaron los documentos más relevantes según los principales requisitos, aportes y conclusiones. Adicionalmente, se probaron algunas de estas propuestas con la protección de sobrecorriente convencional, utilizando el simulador ATP y el software Python. Por último, se realizó un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de los enfoques de protección propuestos con el fin de identificar limitaciones que deben considerarse en futuros trabajos de investigación. Los resultados obtenidos, al considerar diferentes fallas y modos de operación del ADN, demostraron que el enfoque de coordinación de protección convencional es altamente vulnerable a fallas cuando los DER están conectados, principalmente por el cambio en las magnitudes y dirección de las corrientes. Los esquemas adaptativos analizados tienen un desempeño adecuado, sin embargo, varios problemas de aplicación deben ser analizadas a futuro.
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