Challenges and Opportunities for the Mining Industry as a Potential Driver of Development in Colombia
Abstract
Mining has been included as the main driver of productive development in Colombia’s strategic development plan. In particular, the expansion of large-scale mining has been driven by emerging foreign investment interests and projects. The price of gold continues to rise, amidst the stock market crash caused by the coronavirus outbreak, reaching 1940 USD per ounce. In fact, gold has reached its highest values in recent years, thus proving to be the mechanism for investors to avoid risk. Also, it has boosted the mining industry, as well as artisanal and small-scale mining. However, the consequences of the expansion of mineral extraction activities could lead to a state of environmental emergency, affecting not only the social sphere but also the ecosystems and the health of the surrounding communities. In this paper, we provide a literature review on the mining industry. In addition, we highlight its main challenges from a comprehensive and multidisciplinary contextual perspective that involves outlining some environmental indicators and their impact at the local level. This allows us to suggest, from an academic standpoint, the minimum bases required to implement best practices in environmental policy and, thus, achieve a more sustainable mining production. For this purpose, we define the critical factors for regulatory management and sustainability assessment—a fundamental strategy for decision-making in the sector. These critical points make it possible to prioritize the development of efficiency metrics in mineral transformation and contribute to the construction of common indicators for the protection of biodiversity. From a social point of view, a comprehensive management will strengthen best practices and call for corporate social responsibility to provide local communities with the necessary participation mechanisms to intervene in conflicts over mining areas.
References
A. Rettberg; J. F. Ortiz-Riomalo, “Golden Opportunity, or a New Twist on the Resource-Conflict Relationship: Links Between the Drug Trade and Illegal Gold Mining in Colombia,” World Dev., vol. 84, pp. 82–96, Aug. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.03.020
D. Acemoglu; C. García-Jimeno; J. A. Robinson, “Finding Eldorado: Slavery and long-run development in Colombia,” J. Comp. Econ., vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 534–564, Nov. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2012.07.003
M. M. Veiga; G. Angeloci-Santos; J. A. Meech, “Review of barriers to reduce mercury use in artisanal gold mining,” Extractive Industries and Society, vol. 1, no. 2. pp. 351–361, Nov. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2014.03.004
Ministerio de Minas y Energía, “Política minera de Colombia. Bases para la minería del futuro, “Bogotá, Julio 2016. https://biblioteca.minminas.gov.co/pdf/POLITICA%20MINERA.pdf
Ministerio de Minas y Energía, “Boletín Estadístico de Minas y Energía 2016- 2018,” Nov. 2018. http://www1.upme.gov.co/PromocionSector/SeccionesInteres/Documents/Boletines/Boletin_Estadistico_2018.pdf
O. García; M. M. Veiga; P. Cordy, O. E. Suescún; J. M. Molina; M. Roeser, “Artisanal gold mining in Antioquia, Colombia: A successful case of mercury reduction,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 90, pp. 244–252, Mar. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.032
J. J. Hinton, Communities and Small-Scale Mining: An Integrated Review for Development Planning. 2005. http://artisanalmining.org/Repository/01/The_CASM_Files/CASM_Publications/CASM%20Book%20draft%20v091505.pdf
N. L. Alvarez-Berrios; T. Mitchell Aide, “Global demand for gold is another threat for tropical forests,” Environ. Res. Lett., vol. 10, no. 1, Jan. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014006
P. Cordy et al., “Mercury contamination from artisanal gold mining in Antioquia, Colombia: The world’s highest per capita mercury pollution,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 410–411, pp. 154–160, Dec. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.006
S. B. Lovitz, “Scales of responsible gold mining: overcoming barriers to cleaner artisanal mining in southern Ecuador,” (Tesis de maestría), University of Vermont, 2006. http://www.uvm.edu/~shali/Ecuador-Gold.pdf
D. Specht; M. A. F. Ros-Tonen, “Gold, power, protest: Digital and social media and protests against large-scale mining projects in Colombia,” New Media Soc., vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 1907–1926, May. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816644567
M. Fritz; J. McQuilken; N. Collins; F. Weldegiorgis, “Global trends in artisanal and small-scale mining (asm): a review of key numbers and issues.” Institute for Sustainable Development, p. 81, 2018. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/igf-asm-global-trends.pdf
P. Cordy; M. Veiga; L. Bernaudat; O. Garcia, “Successful airborne mercury reductions in Colombia,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 108, pp. 992–1001, Dec. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.102
M. M. Veiga; B. G. Marshall, “The Colombian artisanal mining sector: Formalization is a heavy burden,” Extr. Ind. Soc., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 223–228, Jan. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2018.11.001
D. M. Agudelo-Echavarría; C. Olid, F. Molina-Pérez; P. P. Vallejo-Toro; J. Garcia-Orellana, “Historical reconstruction of Small-scale gold mining activities in tropical wetland sediments in Bajo Cauca-Antioquia, Colombia,” Chemosphere, vol. 254, Sep. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126733
B. Betancur-Corredor; J. C. Loaiza-Usuga; M. Denich; C. Borgemeister, “Gold mining as a potential driver of development in Colombia: Challenges and opportunities,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 199, pp. 538–553, Oct. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.142
Ministerio de Minas y Energía, “Minería - Ministerio de Minas y Energía,” Cifras Sector Minero. 2017. https://www.minenergia.gov.co/analisis-minero
L. Güiza Suarez; J. D. Aristizábal, “Mercury and gold mining in Colombia: A failed state,” Univ. Sci., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 33–49, Feb. 2013. https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.SC18-1mgmc
C. G. Ntim; J. English; J. Nwachukwu; Y. Wang, “On the efficiency of the global gold markets,” Int. Rev. Financ. Anal., vol. 41, pp. 218–236, Oct. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2015.03.013
A. Martínez; T. Aguilar, “Estudio sobre los impactos socioeconómicos del sector minero en colombia: encadenamientos sectoriales,” Cuad. Fedesarrollo, vol. 47, May. 2013. https://www.repository.fedesarrollo.org.co/bitstream/handle/11445/370/Estudio-sobre-los-impactos-socio-econ%F3micos-del-sector-minero-en-Colombia-Informe-La-miner%EDa-en-Colombia-180513.pdf;jsessionid=86AD7E3F618472E87B1D1033D91EB7EB?sequence=1
M. Walter; L. Urkidi, “Community mining consultations in Latin America (2002–2012): The contested emergence of a hybrid institution for participation,” Geoforum, vol. 84, pp. 265–279, Aug. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.09.007
E. Abud, “The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America (review),” Arizona J. Hisp. Cult. Stud., vol. 10, pp. 291–292, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1353/hcs.2007.0000
Reporte Minero, “Sector minero aporta el 10% del PIB nacional,” Reporte Minero., Apr. 2018. https://www.reporteminero.cl/noticia/noticias/2018/04/sector-minero-aporta-el-10-del-pib-nacional
A. Whitmore, “The emperors new clothes: Sustainable mining?,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 14, no. 3–4, pp. 309–314, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.10.005
K. W. Butzer, “Collapse, environment, and society,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 109, no. 10, pp. 3632–3639, Mar. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1114845109
Investing.com, “Gold Futures Historical Prices,” investing.com, 2020. https://www.investing.com/commodities/gold-historical-data
Investing.com, “Nickel Futures Historical Prices,” investing.com, Accessed: Aug. 15, 2020. https://www.investing.com/commodities/nickel-historical-data
Investing.com, “Platinum Futures Historical Prices,” 2020. Accessed: Aug. 15, 2020. https://www.investing.com/commodities/platinum-historical-data
J. Horner; A. Naranjo; J. Weil, “Digital data acquisition and 3D structural modelling for mining and civil engineering - the La Colosa gold mining project, Colombia,” Geomech. und Tunnelbau, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 52–57, Feb. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/geot.201500046
A. L. R. Madrid; T. Bissig; C. J. R. Hart; L. C. M. Figueroa, “Late pliocene high-sulfidation epithermal gold mineralization at the la bodega and la mascota deposits, northeastern cordillera of Colombia,” Econ. Geol., vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 347–374, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.112.2.347
E. Naranjo Sierra; M. Alvaran Echeverri; E. Zapata Cardona, “Análisis metalogenético preliminar del depósito vetiforme en la mina La Ye, Antoquia, Colombia : características geológicas , isotópicas y estructurales,” Rev. Mex. Ciencias Geológicas, vol. 33, mun. 3, pp. 316–328, 2016. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1026-87742016000300316
C. Fuller; R. Bygness, “Colombia gold mine MSE project,” 2014. https://geosyntheticsmagazine.com/2014/08/01/colombia-gold-mine-mse-project/
R. B. Gibson, “Sustainability assessment and conflict resolution: Reaching agreement to proceed with the Voisey’s Bay nickel mine,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 14, no. 3–4, pp. 334–348, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.07.007
J. Marrugo-Negrete; J. Pinedo-Hernández; S. Díez, “Assessment of heavy metal pollution, spatial distribution and origin in agricultural soils along the Sinú River Basin, Colombia,” Environ. Res., vol. 154, pp. 380–388, Apr. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.021
C. Salazar-Camacho; M. Salas-Moreno; S. Marrugo-Madrid; J. Marrugo-Negrete; S. Díez, “Dietary human exposure to mercury in two artisanal small-scale gold mining communities of northwestern Colombia,” Environ. Int., vol. 107, pp. 47–54, Oct. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.011
B. Betancur-Corredor; J. C. Loaiza-Usuga; M. Denich; C. Borgemeister, “Gold mining as a potential driver of development in Colombia: Challenges and opportunities,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 199. pp. 538–553, Oct. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.142
L. A. Rodríguez-Villamizar; D. C. Jaimes; A. Manquián-Tejos; L. H. Sánchez, “Irregularidad menstrual y exposición a mercurio en la minería artesanal del oro en Colombia,” Biomedica, vol. 35, no. Suplemento 2, pp. 38–45, Aug. 2015. https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v35i0.2442
P. H. Raven, “Science, sustainability, and the human prospect,” vol. 297, no. 5583, pp. 954–958. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.297.5583.954
N. Bustamante; N. Danoucaras; N. McIntyre, J. C. Díaz-Martínez; O. J. Restrepo-Baena, “Review of improving the water management for the informal gold mining in Colombia,” Rev. Fac. Ing., no. 79, pp. 174–184, Jun. 2016. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.n79a16
K. Hearn, “Mining Trouble,” E - Environ. Mag., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 10–12, Jan. 2006. https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-141706572/mining-trouble
M. C. Prada Fonseca; G. Caicedo Pineda; M. Márquez Godoy, “Comparación del potencial oxidativo de Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, en un proceso de biodesulfurización de carbón,” Rev. Colomb. Biotecnol., vol. 18, no. 1, 2016. https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v18n1.50274
J. A. McNeish, “A vote to derail extraction: popular consultation and resource sovereignty in Tolima, Colombia,” Third World Q., vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 1128–1145, Feb. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2017.1283980
L. Güiza Suárez, “Juridical Perspective of Environmental Impact on Water Resources Caused by Mining in Colombia,” Opinión Jurídica, vol. 10, no. SPE, pp. 123–140, Dec. 2011. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1692-25302011000300008
R. J. Batterham, “The mine of the future – Even more sustainable,” Miner. Eng., vol. 107, pp. 2–7, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2016.11.001
T. Norgate; N. Haque, “Using life cycle assessment to evaluate some environmental impacts of gold production,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 29–30, pp. 53–63, Jul. 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.01.042
H. Snyder, “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines,” J. Bus. Res., vol. 104, pp. 333–339, Nov. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
S. J. Gallagher, “Book and Media Reviews: Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper,” New Horizons Adult Educ. Hum. Resour. Dev., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 41–43, Jan. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1002/nha3.10270
J. Białkowski; M. T. Bohl; P. M. Stephan; T. P. Wisniewski, “The gold price in times of crisis,” Int. Rev. Financ. Anal., vol. 41, pp. 329–339, Oct. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2014.07.001
N. Idrobo; D. Mejía; A. M. Tribin, “Illegal gold mining and violence in Colombia,” Peace Econ. Peace Sci. Public Policy, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 83–111, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2013-0053
C. Ochoa, “Generating conflict: Gold, water and vulnerable communities in the Colombian Highlands,” in Natural Resources and Sustainable Development: International Economic Law Perspectives, 2017, pp. 142–164.
World Gold Council, Socio-Economic Impact of Mining Gold. 2015. https://www.gold.org/goldhub/research/socio-economic-impact-mining-gold
E. G. Egidarev; E. A. Simonov, “Assessment of the environmental effect of placer gold mining in the Amur river basin,” Water Resour., vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 897–908, Dec. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807815070039
J. J. Barry et al., “The Mineral Industries of Latin America and Canada,” U.S. Geological survey minerals yearbook, U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey, 2015. https://prd-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/myb3-sum-2015-latin-canada.pdf
J. A. Villa; C. Tobón, “Modeling hydrologic dynamics of a created wetland, Colombia,” Ecol. Eng., vol. 40, pp. 173–182, Mar. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.12.005
S. A. Shlyakhov; S. V. Osipov, “Technogenic surface formations in the areas of placer gold mining (the Bureya Upland, Far East),” Eurasian Soil Sci., vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1106–1114, 2004. https://www.biosoil.ru/files/00000429.pdf
Oficina de las naciones Unidas contra la droga y el delito (UNODC); Ministerio de Minas y Energía, “Colombia Explotación de oro de aluvión. Evidencias a partir de percepción remota 2018.,” Nov. 2019. https://www.minenergia.gov.co/documents/10192/24159317/EVOA+espanol.pdf
Oficina de las naciones Unidas contra la droga y el delito UNODC; Gobierno de Colombia, “Monitoreo de territorios afectados por cultivos ilícitos 2016,” Jul. 2017. https://www.unodc.org/documents/colombia/2017/julio/CENSO_2017_WEB_baja.pdf
M. Wahsha; M. M. D. Al-Rshaidat, “Potentially harmful elements in abandoned mine waste,” in PHEs, Environment and Human Health, 2014, pp. 199–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8965-3_5
A. Calderon; J. D. Harris; P. A. Kirsch, “Health interventions used by major resource companies operating in Colombia,” Resour. Policy, vol. 47, pp. 187–197, Mar. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2015.02.003
S. Siegel, “Community without solidarity: Mercury pollution from smallscale mining and Colombia’s crisis of authority,” Community Dev. J., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 451–465, Jul. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bst027
M. M. Veiga; G. Angeloci; M. Hitch; P. Colon Velasquez-Lopez, “Processing centres in artisanal gold mining,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 64, pp. 535–544, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.08.015
MinMinas, “Plan nacional de desarrollo minero con horizonte a 2025 Minería responsable con el territorio,” SIMCO - Sistema de Información Minero Colombiano, 2008. https://www1.upme.gov.co/simco/PlaneacionSector/Documents/PNDM_Dic2017.pdf
A. Saldarriaga-Isaza; C. Villegas-Palacio; S. Arango, “Phasing out mercury through collective action in artisanal gold mining: Evidence from a framed field experiment,” Ecol. Econ., vol. 120, pp. 406–415. Dec. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.04.004
J. Pinedo-Hernández; J. Marrugo-Negrete; S. Díez, “Speciation and bioavailability of mercury in sediments impacted by gold mining in Colombia,” Chemosphere, vol. 119, pp. 1289–1295, Jan. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.044
J. Marrugo-Negrete; J. Pinedo-Hernández; S. Díez, “Geochemistry of mercury in tropical swamps impacted by gold mining,” Chemosphere, vol. 134, pp. 44–51, Sep. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.012
M. Aguilera, “La Mojana: riqueza natural y potencial económico,” banco la república, no. 48, p. 73, 2004. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1107&context=intljssw&sei-redir=1.
E. De Miguel; D. Clavijo; M. F. Ortega; A. Gómez, “Probabilistic meta-analysis of risk from the exposure to Hg in artisanal gold mining communities in Colombia,” Chemosphere, vol. 108, pp. 183–189, Aug. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.035
S. Alvarez; A. M. Jessick; J. A. Palacio; A. S. Kolok, “Methylmercury concentrations in six fish species from two Colombian rivers,” Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 65–68, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-011-0458-x
K. S. Andam; P. J. Ferraro; A. Pfaff; G. A. Sanchez-Azofeifa; J. A. Robalino, “Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 105, no. 42, pp. 16089–16094, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0800437105
W. C. Clark, “Sustainability science: A room of its own,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol. 104, no. 6. pp. 1737–1738, United States of America, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611291104
J. Liu et al., “Complexity of coupled human and natural systems,” Science, vol. 317, no. 5844. pp. 1513–1516, Sep. 2007, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1144004
R. W. Kates et al., “Sustainability science,” Science, vol. 292, no. 5517. pp. 641–642, Apr. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059386
S. R. Carpenter et al., “Millennium ecosystem assessment: Research needs,” Science, vol. 314, no. 5797. pp. 257–258, Oct. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1131946
G. C. Daily; P. A. Matson, “Ecosystem services: From theory to implementation,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol. 105, no. 28. pp. 9455–9456, Jul. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804960105
B. L. Turner, E. F. Lambin; A. Reenberg, “The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 104, no. 52. pp. 20666–20671, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704119104
R. Hueting; L. Reijnders, “Broad sustainability contra sustainability: The proper construction of sustainability indicators,” Ecol. Econ., vol. 50, no. 3–4, pp. 249–260, Oct. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.03.031
W. V. Reid et al., “Earth system science for global sustainability: Grand challenges,” Science, vol. 330, no. 6006. pp. 916–917, Nov. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1196263
N. C. Banning; C. D. Grant; D. L. Jones; D. V. Murphy, “Recovery of soil organic matter, organic matter turnover and nitrogen cycling in a post-mining forest rehabilitation chronosequence,” Soil Biol. Biochem., vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 2021–2031, Aug. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.04.010
V. Sheoran; A. Sheoran; P. Poonia, “Soil Reclamation of Abandoned Mine Land by Revegetation: A Review,” Int. J. Soil, Sediment Water, vol. 3, no. 2, 2010. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1107&context=intljssw&sei-redir=1.
J. C. Barliza; J. D. L. Peláez, “Litterfall and nutrient dynamics in Acacia mangium (Mimosaceae) forest plantations of Antioquia, Colombia,” Acta Biol. Colomb., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 289–308, May. 2010. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-548X2010000200020
S. F. Gould, “Comparison of Post-mining Rehabilitation with Reference Ecosystems in Monsoonal Eucalypt Woodlands, Northern Australia,” Restor. Ecol., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 250–259, Mar. 2012, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00757.x
A. E. Lewis, “Review of metal sulphide precipitation,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 222–234, Sep. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.06.010
C. P. Brough; R. Warrender; R. J. Bowell; A. Barnes; A. Parbhakar-Fox, “The process mineralogy of mine wastes,” Miner. Eng., vol. 52, pp. 125–135, Oct. 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2013.05.003
E. Higgs, “The two-culture problem: Ecological restoration and the integration of knowledge,” Restor. Ecol., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 159–164, Mar. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2005.00020.x
D. S. Kim; K. Choi, “Global trends in mercury management,” J. Prev. Med. Public Heal., vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 364–373, Nov. 2012. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.6.364
M. A. Coulter, “Minamata Convention on Mercury,” Int. Leg. Mater., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 582-616, Jun. 2016. https://doi.org/10.5305/intelegamate.55.3.0582
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, “Elaboración de un plan de acción nacional para reducir y, cuando sea posible, eliminar el uso del mercurio en la extracción de oro artesanal y en pequeña escala,” 2015. 2020. https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/int_16032101d.pdf
H. Ali; E. Khan; M. A. Sajad, “Phytoremediation of heavy metals-Concepts and applications,” Chemosphere, vol. 91, no. 7. pp. 869–881, May. 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.075
A. Bhargava; F. F. Carmona; M. Bhargava; S. Srivastava, “Approaches for enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metals,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 105. pp. 103–120, Aug. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.002
J. Marrugo-Negrete; J. Durango-Hernández; J. Pinedo-Hernández; G. Enamorado-Montes; S. Díez, “Mercury uptake and effects on growth in Jatropha curcas,” J. Environ. Sci., vol. 48, pp. 120–125, Oct. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.10.036
B. V. Tangahu; S. R. Sheikh Abdullah; H. Basri; M. Idris; N. Anuar; M. Mukhlisin, “A review on heavy metals (As, Pb, and Hg) uptake by plants through phytoremediation,” J. Chem. Eng.,Aug. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/939161
S. Yachi; M. Loreau, “Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity in a fluctuating environment: The insurance hypothesis,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 1463–1468, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.4.1463
B. L. Turner; E. F. Lambin; A. Reenberg, “The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 104, no. 52. pp. 20666–2067, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704119104
J. Seccatore; G. de Tomi; M. Veiga, “Efficiency as a road to sustainability in small scale mining,” Mater. Sci. Forum, vol. 805, pp. 395–402, Sep. 2014. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.805.395
S. Nasirov; C. A. Agostini, “Mining experts’ perspectives on the determinants of solar technologies adoption in the Chilean mining industry,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 95, pp. 194–202, Nov. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.07.038
F. S. Chapin et al., “Policy strategies to address sustainability of Alaskan boreal forests in response to a directionally changing climate,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 103, no. 45, pp. 16637–16643, Aug. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606955103
D. L. Alonso; R. Pérez; C. K. Y. A. Okio; E. Castillo, “Assessment of mining activity on arsenic contamination in surface water and sediments in southwestern area of Santurbán paramo, Colombia,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 264, Jun. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110478
B. Duarte-Abadía; R. Boelens, “Disputes over territorial boundaries and diverging valuation languages: the Santurban hydrosocial highlands territory in Colombia,” Water Int., vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 15–36, Jan. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2016.1117271
Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, “Guía técnica para la formulación de planes de ordenación y manejo de cuencuas hidrográficas, 2014. https://www.minambiente.gov.co/images/GestionIntegraldelRecursoHidrico/pdf/cuencas-hidrograficas/GUIA_DE_POMCAS.pdf
A. E. Fordham; G. M. Robinson; B. D. Blackwell, “Corporate social responsibility in resource companies – Opportunities for developing positive benefits and lasting legacies,” Resour. Policy, vol. 52, pp. 366–376, Jun. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.04.009
J. J. Hinton; M. M. Veiga; A. T. C. Veiga, “Clean artisanal gold mining: A utopian approach?,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 11, no. 2. pp. 99–115, Mar. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00031-8
A. Fonseca; M. L. McAllister; P. Fitzpatrick, “Sustainability reporting among mining corporations: A constructive critique of the GRI approach,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 84, no. 1. pp. 70–83, Dec. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.050
G. M. Mudd, “Global trends in gold mining: Towards quantifying environmental and resource sustainability,” Resour. Policy, vol. 32, no. 1–2, pp. 42–56, Jun. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2007.05.002
M. Tost; M. Hitch; V. Chandurkar; P. Moser; S. Feiel, “The state of environmental sustainability considerations in mining,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 182, pp. 969–977, May. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.051
J. Lyytimäki; L. Peltonen, “Mining through controversies: Public perceptions and the legitimacy of a planned gold mine near a tourist destination,” Land use policy, vol. 54, pp. 479–486, Jul. 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.03.004
UNDP, “Human Development Indices and Indicators. 2018 Statistical Update,” 2018. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-indices-indicators-2018-statistical-update
N. Sharma; B. Bohra; N. Pragya; R. Ciannella; P. Dobie; S. Lehmann, “Bioenergy from agroforestry can lead to improved food security, climate change, soil quality, and rural development,” Food and Energy Security, vol. 5, no. 3. pp. 165–183, Aug. 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.87
R. I. Maczkowiack; C. S. Smith; G. J. Slaughter; D. R. Mulligan; D. C. Cameron, “Grazing as a post-mining land use: A conceptual model of the risk factors,” Agric. Syst., vol. 109, pp. 76–89, Jun. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2012.03.002
E. N. Tetteh; V. Logah; K. Twum-Ampofo; S. T. Partey, “Effect of duration of reclamation on soil quality indicators of a surface – Mined acid forest Oxisol in South – Western Ghana,” West African J. Appl. Ecol., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 63–72, 2015. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wajae/article/view/130518
N. A. Cano; H. I. Velasquez Arredondo, “Sustainability assessment by emergy approach: Gold mining extraction in Colombia,” in Environmental Division 2018 - Core Programming Area at the 2018 AIChE Annual Meeting, 2018. https://www.aiche.org/conferences/aiche-annual-meeting/2018/proceeding/paper/545i-sustainability-assessment-emergy-approach-gold-mining-extraction-colombia
M. Sarmiento; H. Ayala; A. Urán, B. Giraldo; J. Perea; A. Mosquera, “Legitimidad e innovación en la minería: el caso del Programa Oro Verde,” Let. Verdes, Rev. Latinoam. Estud. Socioambientales, Sep. 2013. https://doi.org/10.17141/letrasverdes.14.2013.1005
Downloads
