Characterization of Calcium Phosphate Cement Inks with Added Poloxamer 407 for Potential Application in 3D Printing
Abstract
3D printing of biomaterials is a growing technology in the manufacture of grafts suitable for the repair of bone defects with complex geometries. Calcium phosphate cements (CFC) are bioceramics used in orthopedic medicine due to their similarity to the mineral phase of bone, the ability to be molded as a paste and to harden in situ. The 3D printing of CFC would potentialize their application by allowing reconstructive surgeries of defects with complex geometries, however, a limitation is the low injectability of CFCs due to the phase separation that occurs during the injection of the paste. In this work, the implementation of a thermosensitive polymer such as Poloxamer 407 has been studied to generate an injectable ink. Such ink has been formulated to contain 5% of carbonated hydroxyapatite type B as a biocompatible and biodegradable nucleating agent. Additions of 0 %, 20 % and 40 % Wt aqueous solutions of Poloxamer 407 were evaluated as gel phase at a liquid/powder ratio of 0.75 mL/g. The injectability coefficient, the cohesion of the inks and the compressive strength of the cements using Weibull´s analysis were implemented, determining that the addition of polymer decreases the mechanical properties of the CFC by 52.68 % and 81.23 %, respectively with relation to the control CFC (0%), attributed to a lower densification of the cement. It was concluded that the additions of Poloxamer 407 do not interfere in the precipitation of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite nor in the in vitro degradation of cements and favors the ink behavior for its possible implementation in 3D printing.
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