Biotribological Behavior of Prototypes of Ti6Al4V Alloy Implants Manufactured by EBM and Subsequently Anodized
Abstract
Hip joints can be damaged by metabolic (degenerative disease) or mechanical (fracture) causes, limiting their functionality. To restore joint movement, the joint must be replaced by a hip prosthesis. Lubrication, friction, and wear phenomena occur in the joints, which, in turn, are often responsible for the failure of the prosthesis, causing its loosening. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the biotribological behavior of a prototype Ti6Al4V hip prosthesis fabricated by electron beam melting (EBM) additive manufacturing and subsequently surface modified by anodizing. Once the prototype was obtained, some samples were polished for biotribological tests and others for anodizing. The biotribological tests were performed in a ball-on-disk tribometer using 6 mm diameter alumina counterbodies, using a load of 5 N and speeds of 30, 50, and 70 rpm. Wear tracks of 2 mm in diameter were obtained, using a simulated body fluid (SBF) at a temperature of 37 °C as the medium. The EBM process increased hardness of the Ti6Al4V alloy with respect to the conventional forging process. The samples manufactured by EBM and subsequently anodized showed the highest values of friction coefficients, while the samples manufactured by forging and EBM showed similar friction coefficients for all the speeds studied. Additionally, EBM fabricated and subsequently anodized samples showed the lowest wear rate followed by EBM fabricated samples, while forging fabricated samples showed the highest wear rate. Abrasion was found to be the main wear mechanism in all conditions evaluated in the biotribological tests. With the speed of 30 rpm the lowest wear rates were obtained for the Ti6Al4V alloy with the different manufacturing processes, with this same speed the highest wear rates were obtained for the counterbodies of all the biotribological pairs.
References
S. Durdu, M. Usta, and A. S. Berkem, “Bioactive coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation,” Surf. Coatings Technol., vol. 301, pp. 85-93, Sep. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.07.053
J. Damon et al., “Mechanical surface treatment of EBM Ti6Al4V components: Effects of the resulting surface layer state on fatigue mechanisms and service life,” Mater. Sci. & Eng. A, vol. 849, p. 143422, Aug. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143422
L.-C. Zhang, L.-Y. Chen, and L. Wang, “Surface Modification of Titanium and Titanium Alloys: Technologies, Developments, and Future Interests,” Adv. Eng. Mater., vol. 22, no. 5, p. 1901258, Dec. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201901258
M. T. Mathew, V. A. Barão, J. C.-C. Yuan, W. G. Assunção, C. Sukotjo, M. A. Wimmer, “What is the role of lipopolysaccharide on the tribocorrosive behavior of titanium?,” J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., vol. 8, pp. 71-85, Apr. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.11.004 71-85
M. T. Mathew, P. P Srinivasa, R. Pourzal, A. Fischer, and M. A. Wimmer, “Significance of tribocorrosion in biomedical applications: Overview and current status,” Adv. Tribol., vol. 2009, p. 250986, Jan. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/250986
Y. Yan, A. Neville, D. Dowson, and S. Williams, “Tribocorrosion in implants-assessing high carbon and low carbon Co–Cr–Mo alloys by in situ electrochemical measurements,” Tribol. Int., vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 1509-1517, Dec. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2006.01.016
J. M. Ríos, D. Quintero, J. G. Castaño, F. Echeverría, and M. A. Gómez, “Effect of EDTA addition on the biotribological properties of coatings obtained from PEO on the Ti6Al4V alloy in a phosphate-based solution,” Surf. and Interfaces, vol. 30, pp. 101857, Jun. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2022.101857
M. A. McGee et al., “Implant retrieval studies of the wear and loosening of prosthetic joints: a review,” Wear, vol. 241, no. 2, pp. 158-165, Jul. 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00370-7
Y. Yan, A. Neville, and D. Dowson, “Tribo-corrosion properties of cobalt-based medical implant alloys in simulated biological environments,” Wear, vol. 263, no. 7-12, pp. 1105-1111, Sep. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2007.01.114
S. S. Brown and I. C. Clarke, “A review of lubricant conditions for wear simulation in artificial hip replacements,” Tribol. Trans., vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 72-78, Mar. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1080/05698190500519223
M. W. Diamanti et al., “Multi-step anodizing on Ti6Al4V components to improve tribomechanical performances,” Surf. Coatings Technol., vol. 227, pp. 19–27, Jul. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.12.019
X. Liu, P. K. Chu, and C. Ding, “Surface modification of titanium, titanium alloys, and related materials for biomedical applications,” Mater. Sci. Eng. R Reports, vol. 47, no. 3–4, pp. 49–121, Dec. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2004.11.001
H. Jun-xiang, C. Yu-lin, T. Wen-bin, Z. Ting-Yan, and C. Ying-liang, “The black and white coatings on Ti-6Al-4V alloy or pure titanium by plasma electrolytic oxidation in concentrated silicate electrolyte,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 428, pp. 684–697, Jan. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.09.109
T. Wu et al., “Role of phosphate, silicate and aluminate in the electrolytes on PEO coating formation and properties of coated Ti6Al4V alloy,” Ap. Surf. Sci., vol. 595, p. 153523, Sep. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.153523
X. L. Zhang, Z. H. Jiang, Z. P. Yao, and Z. D. Wu, “Electrochemical study of growth behaviour of plasma electrolytic oxidation coating on Ti6Al4V: Effects of the additive,” Corros. Sci., vol. 52, no. 10, pp. 3465–3473, Oct. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2010.06.017
D. Quintero et al., “Control of the physical properties of anodic coatings obtained by plasma electrolytic oxidation on Ti6Al4V alloy,” Surf. Coatings Technol., vol. 283, pp. 210–222, Dec. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.10.052
S. Durdu and M. Usta, “The tribological properties of bioceramic coatings produced on Ti6Al4V alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation,” Ceram. Int., vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 3627–3635, Mar. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.09.062
D. Wei, Y. Zhou, D. Jia, and Y. Wang, “Formation of CaTiO3/TiO2 Composite Coating on Titanium Alloy for Biomedical Applications,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Applied Biomaterials, vol. 84B, no. 2, pp. 444–451, Feb. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30890
E. Byon, Y. Jeong, A. Takeuchi, M. Kamitakahara, and C. Ohtsuki, “Apatite-forming ability of micro-arc plasma oxidized layer of titanium in simulated body fluids,” Surf. Coatings Technol., vol. 201, no. 9-11, pp. 5651–5654, Feb. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.07.051
A. Lugovskoy and S. Lugovskoy, “Production of hydroxyapatite layers on the plasma electrolytically oxidized surface of titanium alloys,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C, vol. 43, pp. 527–532, Oct. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.07.030
J. M. Ríos, D. Quintero, J. G. Castaño, F. Echeverría and M. A. Gómez, “Comparison among the lubricated and unlubricated tribological behavior of coatings obtained by PEO on the Ti6Al4V alloy in alkaline solutions,” Tribology International, vol. 128, pp. 1-8, Dec. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2018.07.010
M. Attaran, “The rise of 3-D printing: the advantages of additive manufacturing over traditional manufacturing,” Bus. Horiz., vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 677–688, Sep. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.05.011
S. Aravind Shanmugasundaram, J. Razmi, M. J. Mian and L. Ladani, “Mechanical anisotropy and surface roughness in additively manufactured parts fabricated by stereolithography (SLA) using statistical analysis,” Mater., vol. 13, no. 11, p. 2496, May. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13112496
L. E. Murr, et al., “Metal fabrication by additive manufacturing using laser and electron beam melting technologies,” J. Mater. Sci. Technol., vol. 28 no. 1, pp. 1-14, Jan. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-0302(12)60016-4
S. Rawal, J. Brantley, and N. Karabudak, “Additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloy components for spacecraft applications,” In 2013 6th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST), Istanbul, 2013, pp. 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1109/RAST.2013.6581260
F. Scherillo, E. Manco, A. El Hassanin, S. Franchitti, C. Pirozzi, R. Borrelli, “Chemical surface finishing on electron beam melting Ti6Al4V using HF-HNO3 solutions,” J. Manu. Processes, vol. 60, pp. 400-409, Dec. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.10.033
American Society for Testing and Materials, "Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies," USA, ASTM F2792-12, 2012. https://web.mit.edu/2.810/www/files/readings/AdditiveManufacturingTerminology.pdf
N. Uçak, A. Çiçek, and K. Aslantas, “Machinability of 3D printed metallic materials fabricated by selective laser melting and electron beam melting: A review,” J. Manuf. Proc., vol. 80, pp. 414-457, Aug. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.06.023
D. Mallipeddi et al., “Surface Integrity of Machined Electron Beam Melted Ti6Al4V Alloy Manufactured with Different Contour Settings and Heat Treatment,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 87, pp. 327-332, 2020. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.091
R. Bertolini, L. Lizzul, S. Bruschi, and A. Ghiotti, “On the surface integrity of Electron Beam Melted Ti6Al4V after machining,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 82, pp. 326-331, 2019. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2019.04.166
A. A. Ramirez et al., “Biotribological behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy fabricated by EBM and subsequently anodized,” In Proceedings, 2022, pp. 404–410. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1738552&dswid=5350
R. Bertolini, S. Bruschi, A. Ghiotti, L. Pezzato, and M. Dabalà, “Influence of the machining cooling strategies on the dental tribocorrosion behaviour of wrought and additive manufactured Ti6Al4V,” Biotribology, vol. 11, pp. 60-68, Sep. 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotri.2017.03.002
M. A. Gómez, “Caracterización de las propiedades tribológicas de los recubrimientos duros,” Tesis de doctorado, Departament de Física Aplicada i Òptica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 2006. http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/41791
S. Bruschi, R. Bertolini, and A. Ghiotti, “Coupling machining and heat treatment to enhance the wear behaviour of an Additive Manufactured Ti6Al4V titanium alloy,” Tribology International, vol. 116, pp. 58-68, Dec. 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.07.004
Downloads
Copyright (c) 2023 TecnoLógicas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Altmetric
