Intención emprendedora en estudiantes de la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana: exploración de un modelo basado en la teoría del comportamiento planeado
Resumen
El propósito del presente artículo fue, mediante un estudio de caso, caracterizar la intención de creación de empresas de los estudiantes de la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB) de diferentes sedes (Montería, Palmira, Medellín y Bucaramanga), con el fin de definir estrategias que ayuden a consolidar y fortalecer la ruta de formación, los programas y contenidos académicos y el acompañamiento institucional orientado a la promoción del emprendimiento. Como referente teórico base se partió de la teoría del comportamiento planeado (TCP), en la cual la intención de un comportamiento de interés, como es el emprendedor, está determinada por las actitudes hacia la creación de empresa, las normas subjetivas y el control comportamental percibido. El análisis empírico del estudio se realizó a partir de un enfoque cuantitativo basado en datos de un cuestionario en línea proporcionado a los estudiantes de pregrado de las cuatro sedes de la institución anteriormente mencionadas. A partir de una muestra de 4214 estudiantes matriculados en los distintos programas de estudio, se llevó a cabo un análisis de factores para establecer la estructura de las variables principales del modelo teórico y, adicionalmente, se exploraron otros constructos, tales como oportunidades y recursos del entorno, así como las desventajas y ventajas del emprendimiento. El análisis inferencial incluyó la regresión lineal múltiple para determinar la influencia de los antecedentes de la intención emprendedora y el análisis de varianza para examinar las diferencias entre los distintos constructos con base en grupos de informantes a partir de sus características sociodemográficas. Los resultados validaron la influencia de los tres antecedentes principales de la intención emprendedora de acuerdo con la TCP, así como también la presencia de familiares emprendedores, en particular que el padre sea socio o dueño de empresa. Adicionalmente, la intención emprendedora es influenciada por las oportunidades del entorno y las ventajas del emprendimiento percibidas por los individuos.
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