Deterioro mecánico por intemperismo del adobe de la capilla de Tausa (Colombia)
Resumen
Existe un gran número de estructuras en el mundo construidas en adobe que se deterioran con el tiempo. Normalmente, este deterioro no se tiene en cuenta en análisis de seguridad de estructuras antiguas. El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer una nueva forma de tener en cuenta la influencia del intemperismo sobre las propiedades mecánicas de unidades de adobe. Con este fin, se recuperaron muestras (adobe viejo) de la parte más deteriorada de una capilla de estilo colonial construida en adobe (Tausa, Colombia). También se estudiaron materiales de un depósito local para su restauración (adobe nuevo). Se prepararon muestras del nuevo adobe mediante compactación con humedad controlada. La mitad de las muestras del nuevo adobe se sometieron a condiciones ambientales naturales mientras que la otra mitad y todas las muestras de adobe viejo se sometieron a condiciones ambientales aceleradas usando un equipo con control de radiación UV, temperatura y humedad. Las muestras se evaluaron a diferentes periodos de exposición mediante ensayos de compresión inconfinada y triaxial. Los resultados muestran que el adobe viejo no es sensible a mayor exposición mientras que el nuevo adobe presenta variaciones en rigidez y resistencia. Se observó que dichas propiedades en el adobe nuevo inicialmente se incrementan con la exposición al intemperismo hasta llegar a ser el doble de aquellos obtenidos en las muestras de adobe viejo, pero tienden a reducirse con mayores periodos de exposición. Por lo anterior, se proponen factores de deterioro de hasta dos para análisis de vulnerabilidad y seguridad de nuevas construcciones en estos materiales. Se propusieron factores de deterioro como una primera aproximación a la cuantificación del efecto ambiental en la respuesta mecánica del adobe.
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Universidad Militar Nueva Granada
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