Concentration of Heavy Metals in Soils Under Different Tillage Systems
Abstract
Heavy metals are mineral elements whose accumulation in soils, water, and vegetal tissues constitutes a public health risk. High concentrations of these elements are associated with cancer and kidney and liver diseases. The accumulation of such metals is the consequence of industrial activities, but also agricultural production due to the excessive use of agrochemicals. Therefore, this study assessed the heavy metals contamination risk in Turen, in the northwest of Venezuela. Cd, Cu, Co, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, As, and Se were found in soils under two tillage systems (conventional and direct sowing) at two physiographic positions: high and low napa by X- ray fluorescence. The samples were taken at two depths, i.e., 0–10 and 10–20 cm, with nine samples per position in each tillage system. The results show that the content of Co, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Zn was higher in direct sowing due to the extended use of phosphate fertilizers. The greatest accumulation was observed at the low napa, which is associated with higher clay content and cation exchange capacity. The values of Co, Cu, and Cd were higher than the maximum allowable levels in most international environmental regulations. The accumulation of heavy metals in Turén soils, both in the conventional tillage system and in the direct sowing system, are the result of the continuous use of agrochemicals, in particular phosphate fertilization, so it is recommended to reduce the use of agrochemicals, in addition to carrying out bioremediation actions to eliminate them from the soil and avoid long-term contamination problems and health problems associated with their presence in soils and waters.
References
G. A. Engwa; P. U. Ferdinand; F. N. Nwalo; M. N. Unachukwu, “Mechanism and health effects of heavy metal toxicity in humans,” In Poisoning in the Modern World-New Tricks for an Old Dog?. IntechOpen. 2019. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82511
Y. Reyes; I. Vergara; O. Torres; M. Díaz Lagos; E. E. González Jimenez, “Contaminación por metales pesados: implicaciones en salud, ambiente y seguridad alimentaria,” Rev.Ing., Investigación y Desarrollo, vol. 16, n. 2, pp. 66-77, Jul. 2016. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6096110
Z. Martínez; M. González, “Contaminación de suelos agrícolas por metales pesados, zona minera El Alacrán, Colombia,” Temas agrarios, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 21-31. Jul. 2017. https://doi.org/10.21897/rta.v22i2.941
I. Pérez; F. Martín, “Uso de parámetros indirectos para la evaluación de la contaminación de suelos por metales pesados en una zona minera de San Luis Potosí, México”. Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 01-12. Apr. 2015. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1405-33222015000100001&script=sci_arttext
C. L. Hansen; D. Y. Cheong, “Chapter 26 - Agricultural Waste Management in Food Processing,” en Handbook of Farm, Dairy and Food Machinery Engineering (Third Edition), Academic Press. pp. 673-716. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814803-7.00026-9
Z. Chu; X. Fan; W. Wang; W. C Huang, “Quantitative evaluation of heavy metals’ pollution hazards and estimation of heavy metals’ environmental costs in leachate during food waste composting,” Waste Management, vol. 84, pp. 119-128. Feb. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.031
W. Tian; Z. Zhang; X. Hu; R. Tian; J. Zhang; X. Xiao; Y. Xi, “Short-term changes in total heavy metal concentration and bacterial community composition after replicated and heavy application of pig manure-based compost in an organic vegetable production system,” Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 593-603. Mar. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-015-1005-4
J. L. Cortés; F. Bautista; C. Delgado; P. Quintana; D. Aguilar; A. García; C. Figueroa; A. Gogichaishvili, “Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban dust from Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico”. Rev. Chapingo ser. cienc. for. ambient, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 47-60, Apr. 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2016.02.005
E. Quinteros et al., “Heavy metals and pesticide exposure from agricultural activities and former agrochemical factory in a Salvadoran rural community,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 1662-1676. Oct. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7899-z
Y. H. Senkondo; E. Semu; F. M. G. Tack, “Copper Bioavailability to Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Long-Term Cu-Contaminated Soils, Uncontaminated Soils, and Recently Cu-Spiked Soils”, Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 116-128, Jan. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2014.920763
J. D. Mahecha; J. M. Trujillo González; M. A. Torres Mora, “Contenido de metales pesados en suelos agrícolas de la región del Ariari, Departamento del Meta,” Orinoquia, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 118-122. 2015. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5441176
K. Page; M. J. Harbottle; P. J. Cleall; T. R. Hutchings, “Heavy metal leaching and environmental risk from the use of compost-like output as an energy crop growth substrate,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 487, pp. 260-271. Jul. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.021
E. F. Ledesma; A. Lozano-Lunar; J. Ayuso; A. P. Galvín; J. M. Fernández; J. R. Jiménez, “The role of pH on leaching of heavy metals and chlorides from electric arc furnace dust in cement-based mortars,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 183, pp. 365-375, Sep. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.175
G. J. Bouyoucos, “Directions for making mechanical analyses of soils by the hydrometer method,” Soil Science, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 225-230, Sep. 1936. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193609000-00007
A. Walkley; I. A. Black, “An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method,” Soil science, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 29-38. 1934. https://journals.lww.com/soilsci/citation/1934/01000/an_examination_of_the_degtjareff_method_for.3.aspx
R. Gavlak; D. Horneck; R. Miller, “Soil, Plant and Water Reference Methods for the Western Region”. 2da ed. WCC-103 Pub. Colorado State University, Fort Collins. EUA. pp. 37-47, 2005. https://www.naptprogram.org/files/napt/western-states-method-manual-2005.pdf
B. Mendoza; E. Vera; A. Chassaigne; C. Gómez; D. Torres; Y. Bastidas, “Efecto de la posición fisiográfica y profundidad en dos sistemas de labranza sobre atributos de un suelo de Turén,” Rev. Unell. Cienc. Tec., vol. 33, pp. 1-12, Apr. 2015. http://revistas.unellez.edu.ve/index.php/ruct/article/view/240
M. K. Uddin, “A review on the adsorption of heavy metals by clay minerals, with special focus on the past decade,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 308, pp. 438-462, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.09.029
L. Liu; X. Guo; C. Zhang; C. Luo; C. Xiao; R. Li, “Adsorption behaviours and mechanisms of heavy metal ions’ impact on municipal waste composts with different degree of maturity,” Environmental technology, vol. 40, no. 22, pp. 2962-2976. Apr. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2018.1458908
B. Huang et al., “Adsorption characteristics of Cu and Zn onto various size fractions of aggregates from red paddy soil,” Journal of hazardous materials, vol. 264, pp. 176-183. Jan. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.074
A. Ullah; Y. Ma; J. Li; N. Tahir; B. Hussain, “Effective Amendments on Cadmium, Arsenic, Chromium and Lead Contaminated Paddy Soil for Rice Safety”. Agronomy, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 359. Mar. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030359
P. N. Diagboya; B. I. Olu-Owolabi; K. O. Adebowale, “Effects of time, soil organic matter, and iron oxides on the relative retention and redistribution of lead, cadmium, and copper on soils,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 22, no. 13, pp. 10331-10339. Feb. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4241-0
F. Franco et al., “Low-cost aluminum and iron oxides supported on dioctahedral and trioctahedral smectites: A comparative study of the effectiveness on the heavy metal adsorption from water,” Applied Clay Science, vol. 119, no. 2, pp. 321-332. Jan. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.10.035
X. X. Chen; Y. M. Liu; Q. Y. Zhao; W. Qing Cao; X. Ping Chen; C. Q. Zou, “Health risk assessment associated with heavy metal accumulation in wheat after long-term phosphorus fertilizer application,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 262, pp. 114348. Jul. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114348
C. Su; L. Jiang; W. Zhang, “A review on heavy metal contamination in the soil worldwide: situation, impact and remediation techniques,” Environmental Skeptics and Critics, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 24-38. Jun. 2014. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/environsc/articles/2014-3(2)/a-review-on-heavy-metal-contamination-in-the-soil-worldwide.pdf
L. Zheng; B. Ying; Y. Tongming, “Effect of Cd on the Uptake and Translocation of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni in Potato and Wheat Grown in Sierozem,” Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 650-669. Jul. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2019.1643289
D. K. Gupta; S. Chatterjee; S. Datta; V. Veer; C. Wtalther, “Role of phosphate fertilizers in heavy metal uptake and detoxification of toxic metals,” Chemosphere, vol. 108, pp. 134-144. Aug. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.030
J. Crossman; R. R. Hurley; M. Futter; L. Nizzetto, “Transfer and transport of microplastics from biosolids to agricultural soils and the wider environment,” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 724, pp. 138334. Jul. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138334
W. Chen et al., “Enhanced removal of lead ions from aqueous solution by iron oxide nanomaterials with cobalt and nickel doping,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 211, pp. 1250-1258. Feb. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.254
B. Lange et al., “Copper and cobalt mobility in soil and accumulation in a metallophyte as influenced by experimental manipulation of soil chemical factors,” Chemosphere, vol. 146, pp. 75-84. Mar. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.105
M. Jović; M. Šljivić-Ivanović; S. Dimović; J. Marković; I. Smičiklas, “Sorption and mobility of Co (II) in relation to soil properties,” Geoderma, vol. 297, pp. 38-47, Jul. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.03.006
M. A. Khan; S. Khan; A. Khan; M. Alam, “Soil contamination with cadmium, consequences and remediation using organic amendments,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 601- 602, pp. 1591-1605. Dec. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.030
N. Sánchez; C. Rivero; Y. Martínez, “Cadmio disponible en dos suelos de Venezuela: efecto del fósforo," Revista Ingeniería UC, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 7-14. Ago. 2011. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=70723254002
M. López; B. Rodríguez; M. España, “Tecnologías generadas por el Inia para contribuir al manejo integral de la fertilidad del suelo”. Agronomía Tropical, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 315-330. Oct. 2010. http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?pid=S0002-192X2010000400001&script=sci_arttext
W. Chai; Y. Huang; S. Su; G. Han; J. Liu; Y. Cao, “Adsorption behavior of Zn (II) onto natural minerals in wastewater. A comparative study of bentonite and kaolinite. Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing," vol. 53. no. 1. Pp. 264. 278, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5277%2Fppmp170122
E. Vera; J. Viloria; R. Ramírez; R. Figueroa, “Análisis de brecha de rendimientos de maíz en parcelas comerciales”. Memorias XIX Congreso Venezolano de suelos. Calabozo-Guárico: CD ROM 1-5. http://sian.inia.gob.ve/congresos_externos/CVCS19/uso_manejo_suelo/UMS10.pdf
R. Hernández; A. Alvarado; R. Romero, “Acumulación de cobre en plantas silvestres de zonas agrícolas contaminadas con el metal,” Rev. Ciencia y Tecnología, vol. 28, no. 1-2, pp. 55-61. Jul. 2012. https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/cienciaytecnologia/article/view/10591/9982
Downloads
