Optimización del proceso de extracción asistido por microondas de aceites esenciales de Peperomia subspathulata en el suroccidente colombiano
Resumen
La extracción de aceites esenciales es un área de estudio que avanza con la implementación de nuevos métodos de extracción en la búsqueda de nuevos quimiotipos, mejores rendimientos y reducción del consumo energético, siendo aplicada en campos como la agroindustria, las ciencias farmacéuticas, entre otras. En este estudio se exploraron nuevas tecnologías para la extracción de volátiles en especies vegetales colombianas, enfocándose en la optimización de parámetros a través de un diseño experimental, utilizando radiación de microondas. El objetivo fue optimizar los parámetros de potencia y tiempo para maximizar el rendimiento de aceites esenciales de Peperomia subspathulata, una especie sin estudios previos en el departamento de Nariño. La metodología empleada consistió en el uso de la hidrodestilación asistida por microondas bajo un diseño factorial 32 y el método de superficie de respuesta para obtener el perfil químico a través de cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas, y comparar los rendimientos. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio fueron los siguientes: los parámetros óptimos por microondas fueron 800 W y 81 minutos, obteniendo un rendimiento de 1,49 % para hojas y 0,99 % para tallos, valores superiores a los de la hidrodestilación convencional (1,15 % y 0,84 %, respectivamente). El perfil químico de los aceites esenciales reveló un nuevo quimiotipo compuesto por Miristicina, Safrol y alfa-bisabolol en ambos métodos. Asimismo, se optimizaron las áreas cromatográficas de estos componentes, obteniendo valores de 46,88 % para Safrol, 58,84 % para Miristicina y 18,58 % para alfa-bisabolol. En conclusión, esta investigación implementa una metodología innovadora de extracción con altos rendimientos y tiempos reducidos, además un nuevo quimiotipo para P. subspathulata del departamento de Nariño sentando las bases para el estudio de otras especies aromáticas en futuras investigaciones.
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