Estimación del desempeño energético de una edificación utilizando un indicador compuesto: un caso de estudio
Resumen
Diversos estudios han analizado la integración de estrategias de ahorro energético en edificaciones para mitigar su impacto ambiental. Estos estudios se centraron en un análisis desagregado de estas estrategias y sus efectos sobre el consumo de energía y el comportamiento térmico del edificio utilizando motores de simulación energética (EnergyPlus, TRNSYS y DOE2) o software de interfaz gráfica (DesignBuilder, eQuest y ESP-r). Sin embargo, los edificios son sistemas complejos cuyo comportamiento energético depende de la interacción de componentes pasivos (p. ej., ubicación y materiales de construcción) y dinámicos (p. ej., ocupación). Por lo tanto, este artículo propone un indicador compuesto de desempeño energético de edificaciones (BEP) como una alternativa para enfrentar este fenómeno complejo y multidimensional de manera simplificada. Este indicador considera la eficiencia energética y el confort térmico. Para ello, se seleccionó un edificio real, el Edificio de Ingeniería Eléctrica (EEB) de la Universidad Industrial de Santander, con el fin de verificar el desempeño del indicador BEP. Además, se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad para diferentes métodos matemáticos de agregación y valores de ponderación para probar su idoneidad para reproducir el comportamiento del edificio. Se propusieron diferentes escenarios de simulación modelados mediante el software DesignBuilder, en los que se analizaron individualmente las estrategias de ahorro energético integradas con el edificio. Los resultados confirmaron que las estrategias de ahorro energético del edificio mejoraron el indicador en aproximadamente un 16 %. Asimismo, fue posible verificar que dicho indicador reproduce adecuadamente el comportamiento energético de la edificación mientras se garantiza condiciones de confort. Por último, se espera que el indicador contribuya en la integración de criterios de sostenibilidad en edificaciones durante las etapas de diseño y remodelación.
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