Óxidos de hierro como catalizadores de procesos tipo Fenton con potencial aplicación en tecnologías de remoción de contaminantes
Resumen
Existe la necesidad de diseñar nuevas tecnologías para el tratamiento de aguas residuales, con mayor eficiencia y alcance de aplicación ingenieril. Entre dichas tecnologías, los procesos avanzados de oxidación (AOP, por sus siglas en inglés) han demostrado alta eficiencia y potencial aplicación en la degradación de contaminantes peligrosos. Las reacciones Fenton y tipo Fenton constituyen el grupo de AOP de uso más extendido, debido a su gran poder oxidante y viabilidad de aplicación. Los óxidos de hierro, estables, no tóxicos y abundantes, han sido ampliamente estudiados como catalizadores de sistemas tipo Fenton. El objetivo del presente estudio fue mostrar el estado actual sobre los avances recientes en la aplicación de los óxidos de hierro como catalizadores en este tipo de sistemas. Metodológicamente, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática sobre óxidos de hierro empleados en procesos tipo Fenton, usando la base de datos Scopus con una fórmula de búsqueda que incluyó los descriptores y operadores booleanos apropiados. Como resultado, se identificó, clasificó y analizó una amplia variedad de estructuras con diferentes características y desempeño catalítico. En conclusión, las especies más estudiadas como catalizadores han sido magnetita (Fe3O4), hematita (α-Fe2O3), goethita (α-FeOOH) y ferrihidrita (FeOOH), mostrando diferentes niveles de degradación de contaminantes orgánicos, dependiendo del tipo de sustrato, pH, temperatura y concentración de H2O2. Además, se describieron algunas modificaciones enfocadas a mejorar su eficiencia catalítica: empleo de radiación UV-Vis, incorporación de Fe metálico (Fe0) o metales de transición (Co, Cu y Mn), soportes catalíticos y control de la morfología de partículas.
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